It is an extract prepared form wild garlic, which is chopped up and soaked in strong alcohol in a ratio of 1 to 5. Antibiotic garlic tincture is a powerful infusion of garlic in grain alcohol, vinegar or distilled water. Add the cherry tomatoes, banana, tomato purée & honey. Prepare the tincture. Make sure the flour does not burn. Place into a clean, dry, glass jar to no more than half-full. Black, cylindrical about 3 mm long and 1 mm wide and transversely ridged, and range in weight from 1.62-2.84 mg, Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames), Brassicaceae ⁄ Cruciferae (Mustard family), Alliaria petiolata (M. Mix together the garlic mustard stems pasta and sauce and serve. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is also known as Poor Man’s Mustard, Hedge Garlic, Garlic Root and Jack-by-the-Hedge. If you only have clear mason jars, then painting them, or wrapping them in paper or non-clear plastic will stop the light from getting to it very easily. The leaves are broadly heartshaped, stalked, with numerous broad teeth. Cavara & Grande, Alliaria officinalis Andrzejowski ex de Candolle, Crucifera alliaria (Linnaeus) E.H.L.Krause. Now bring a pan of water to the boil and cook enough pasta for two people. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a strong-smelling pungent-tasting bulb used as a flavoring agent in Indian cooking.This herbal medicine has numerous health benefits. Leaves are used as a winter salad vegetable and as a flavoring in cooked food. Cook some spaghetti, and when done serve with the garlic mustard sauce. Add the onion and cook until softened. Making antibiotic garlic tincture is quite easy and the process hasn’t changed since the time the pioneers did it. Externally, they have been used as an antiseptic poultice on ulcers etc., and are effective in relieving the itching caused by bites and stings. Can Coronavirus Pandemic Change Indian Health Insurance Industry? Cold stratification is required to trigger seed germination. Chop the garlic mustard stems then bring a pan of water to the boil, place the stems into it and bring back to the boil, then drain and set aside. Roots are chopped up small and then heated in oil to make an ointment to rub on the chest in order to bring relief from bronchitis. Screw the lid on the jar and write the date on the jar. We have the will to outlast everything! Alliaria petiolata, or garlic mustard, is a biennial flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae).It is native to Europe, western and central Asia, north-western Africa, Morocco, Iberia and the British Isles, north to northern Scandinavia, and east to northern Pakistan and Xinjiang in western China. Wild violets indicate that they are investigating a variety of species for possible use as biological control agents. Pour the alcohol or ACV over the herbs to completely cover by an extra 2 inches. Seeds are contained in tan seedpods that are capable of ejecting the ripened seeds several feet away from the stem of the plant. As many prescribed fires fall into this latter category, the efficacy of fire alone to control A. petiolata is questionable, but it may be used effectively in combination with other methods. Remember that light affects the quality of the tincture and if it turns green or gray, you should not use it. It can be effective for keeping respiratory problems in check. The whole plant emits when bruised a penetrating scent of Garlic, from which it derives its Latin and English names. The plant has a slender, white, taproot with a distinctive “s” curve at the top of the root, just below the root crown. Externally, they have been used as an antiseptic poultice on ulcers etc., and are effective in relieving the itching caused by bites and stings. The easiest way to use it is to crush the leaves and lay them on your chest. Flowers are produced in spring and summer in small clusters. J. Kenji López-Alt is a stay-at-home dad who moonlights as the Chief Culinary Consultant of Serious Eats and the Chef/Partner of Wursthall, a German-inspired California beer hall near his home in San Mateo.His first book, The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science (based on his Serious Eats column of the same name) is a New York Times best-seller, recipient of a James Beard Award, … Stems are erect and sparsely hairy and unbranched below the inflorescences. Join our ranks to receive the latest news, offers and updates from our team. Leaves of the plant just prior to flowering have higher vitamin C content than oranges and more vitamin A than spinach and the species has considerable nutritional value when used in salads. They can be finely chopped and added to salads. Overview Information Dandelion is an herb that is native to Europe. If you want to use antibiotic garlic tincture, but you are concerned about garlic breath or garlic smell on your hands, here are a few tips and tricks to deal with these issues. To make a dried root tincture, first you need to make a decoction (link) take your dried root and place it in a saucepan. In the old days, the home medicine chest of the pioneers was comprised of locally grown herbs and plants. Likewise, cutting may provide good control, but cutting at ground level is important as plants that have been mown often respond by sending up new flowering shoots from the root crown. Garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (Bieb. For those worried about garlic breath here are some remedies to get rid of the bad breath: After making antibiotic garlic tincture or after cooking with it, you will notice your hands smell a little different. They have a mild flavor of both garlic and mustard, and are used in salads and pesto. Put two cups of vodka or vinegar into the mason jar. )Cavara and Grande] is a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Garlic mustard contains traces of cyanide as well as other more common vegetables, the amount is small and considered safe for human consumption, still wouldn’t be wise eat large quantities of this plant over a long period of time. Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Though it’s considered one of the worst invasive weeds, garlic mustard happens to be really tasty. Garlic tincture is believed to be helpful in lowering blood lipid (cholesterol, triglyceride) levels, and is considered an effective herb in the fight against circulatory diseases like high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Cavara and Granda is a member of the family Brassicaceae and native to Europe. Terms & conditions Pass through a sieve. They can grow over 90 cm tall but are generally between 30 and 46 cm tall. St. Johns wort tincture for back pain. Pour over the boiled potatoes and water. The pioneers knew how vital self-healing is when you live miles away from civilization. Garlic is one of nature’s gifts that can be found all over the world. It is also possible to use dried garlic for making antibiotic garlic tincture and the recommended ratio is 5:1 liquid/garlic. Flowers and young seed pods can be consumed raw. Suggested article: Garlic Growing and its Benefits. © 2020 Healthbenefitstimes. Seeds must lay dormant for at least one year before germinating in the spring. Then add the three cornered garlic blitz until smooth, check for seasoning again. Garlic mustard biology and life cycle. Sumac is a drying and tonifying herb. The outside of the mustard flower has four sepals, usually green. After two to three weeks of soaking, the extract is strained through a sieve and bottled. However, excess intake of garlic has been associated with some side effects. You can start using your Garlic Mustard Root Vinegar immediately on salads or stirred into water and taken to relieve sinus congestion. Add water if required to the correct consistency. Each fruit contains approximately sixteen seeds. Yellow dye is obtained from the whole plant. It will help those wanting to live off-grid or those who want to be prepared for when medical aid is not available. Many are not sufficiently host specific to use for control; five monophagous weevils and one oligophagous flea beetle are being further investigated in an effort to develop a concerted suite of attack agents for the seeds, stems, and roots. As for contraindications and side effects, please keep in mind the following: Just to be sure you are on the safe side if you suffer from any known ailments check with your personal medic before taking garlic tincture. Add jack by the hedge and blitz again until smooth. Garlic Mustard is a biennial herb that has been labeled an invasive weed in many areas. Health benefits of Ashitaba – Angelica keiskei, Health benefits of Salal – Gaultheria shallon, Uses and benefits of Snowberry – Symphoricarpos albus, Interesting facts and benefits of Coralberry – Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Traditional uses and benefits of Yellow Loosestrife, Uses and benefits of Peyote – Lophophora williamsii, Traditional uses and benefits of Fernleaf Biscuitroot, Facts about Common Toadflax – Linaria vulgaris, Uses and benefits of Virginian Peppercress – Lepidium virginicum, Health benefits of Bay Laurel – Laurus nobilis, Uses and Benefits of Larch – Larix decidua, Europe, western and central Asia, north-western Africa, Morocco, Iberia and the British Isles, Erect, slender, four-sided capsule 4–5.5 cm (1.6–2.2 in) long, Very spicy somewhat like horseradish (Root), Beneficial for bronchitis, asthma, eczema, gangrene, ulcers, dropsy, induce hunger, treat wounds, relieve itching, Europe, western and central Asia, north-western Africa, Morocco, Iberia and the British Isles, north to northern Scandinavia, and east to northern Pakistan and Xinjiang in western China, Garlic-root, garlicwort, hedge-garlic, Jack-by-the-hedge, Jack-in-the-bush, mustard-root, poor-man’s-mustard, sauce-alone, garlic mustard plant, Established, cool-season, monocarpic, tap rooted, herbaceous biennial or occasional winter annual, Grows singly in hedges, fencerows, open woods, disturbed areas, deciduous forest, oak savanna, forest edges, shaded roadsides, urban areas, riparian zones, ruderal/ disturbed, floodplain forests, along trails,  fence lines, swamps, ditches, roadsides, railway embankments, Grows on sand, loam, and clay soils, and on both limestone and sandstone substrates, and is rarely found on peat or muck soils, 30–100 cm (12–39 in) tall, rarely to 130 cm (51 in) tall, Slender, white, taproot, with a distinctive “s” curve at the top of the root, just below the root crown. For relieving skin irritations and insect bites, these leaves might be beneficial. It is a biennial, a plant with a two-year life cycle, growing its first year as a seedling and rosette stage plant and flowering the subsequent year. Garlic mustard is an invasive non-native biennial herb that spreads by seed. Stalked, triangular through heart shaped, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long (of which about half being the petiole) and 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) broad, with coarsely toothed margins. Serve with some crumbled goats cheese, frothed milk, a pinch of cumin, some crispy fried nettle dusted with white pepper and a three corned garlic flower, Alliaria aculeolata (M.Bieb.) The petioles of these basal leaves are rather long and slender. Rural people often used the plant in the preparation of sauces. When the plants have fastened in the second growing season, the stem may be easily grasped and pulled; roots will usually come out intact along with the stem. Nuzzo found that plants cut at ground level had 99% mortality and no seed production, whereas plants cut at a height of 10 cm had 71% mortality and seed production reduced by 98%. Garlic mustard tincture 100% natural, vegan and organic Nativenaturecom. It has been used for thousands of years as a natural remedy. It can be used externally for the treatment of viral skin infections, wounds or ulcers. However, Luken and Shea found that moderate intensity dormant season fires did nothing to reduce A. petiolata abundance, and in many plots the species actually increased in abundance relative to control plots. Therefore garlic is macerated in one of the liquids mentioned above to preserve the potent chemicals and make what is known as antibiotic garlic tincture. The fragrance fades as leaves age, and is virtually non-existent by fall. Each flower measures 1 to 1.5 cm across. They can repel insects by emitting garlic like smell. Mix ingredients and simmer on low for 30 minutes. Another convenient way to store wild garlic is to prepare wild garlic tincture. Lemon Balm Alcohol Tincture (or any single herb) Procedure for Simpling: Clean and chop or grind the herb. A single plant can produce two to over four hundred fruits (with an average of twenty-two per plant). In a heavy bottomed pan add water and potatoes and a good pinch of salt and boil until potatoes are soft. You can now store your antibiotic garlic tincture in the tinted glass, in a cool and dark place. Disclaimer, e-mail: [email protected] You can prepare a tincture by measurement or by sight; it really depends on your level of comfort with simply adding herbs and judging by eye, or whether you feel more comfortable adding them by measured weight. However, that should not replace keeping it in a cool dark place when you are storing it. Can Your Dental Practices Impact Your Health? It can grow in dense shade or sunny sites. Here are the ingredients one needs to make antibiotic garlic tincture: As for equipment to prepare the antibiotic garlic tincture, make sure you have the following: a blender or mortar and pestle, a mason jar, a funnel, cheesecloth or strain, tinted glass jar with an airtight lid. 100 g Saint Agur blue cheese (or equivalent). During its first year, garlic mustard grows in leafy, rosette like clusters and doesn’t produce flowers. Leaves are stir-fried along with other vegetables for a healthy garlic-mustard-flavored side dish. Skype: healthbenefit55. For example, they have similar heart/kidney shaped, scalloped leaves and … Blanch jack by the hedge for 10 seconds in salted boiling water and refresh in ice water. The fruits ripen between mid-June and September. It grows on sand, loam, and clay soils, and on both limestone and sandstone substrates, and is rarely found on peat or muck soils. There is currently no known biological control program in use to control A. petiolata. Nuzzo et al. The flower of this wild edible only appears from May to June. In the old ways, it was commonly used as an adequate remedy for flu and colds, viruses, strep, worms, high blood pressure, kidney and bladder problems, and respiratory ailments when taken orally. Antibiotic garlic tincture is a powerful infusion of garlic in grain alcohol, vinegar or distilled water. Garlic mustard’s flower, leaf and young fruit are used raw or cooked both as a vegetable and for flavoring. This tincture has a vast number of reported health benefits. Single plant can produce hundreds of seeds, which often scatter several meters from the parent plant. Leaves can be used as a sudorific and deobstruent when taken internally, or as an external treatment for gangrene and ulcers. Bieb.) Bieb.) Originally from Europe, this nutritious plant is found in many locations across North America. The goal of any A. petiolata management program must be to prevent seed production. The use of fire as a management tool should be integrated with other management objectives given the manifold effects it has on a habitat. While many of us are familiar with Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), perhaps we're not familiar with its origins & health benefits. Return to the heat and keep adding splashes of milk until it has all been added and is going thick. A touch of garlic and black pepper is a good place to start, but consider sage, rosemary, or monarda too – or for some local wild food spice, perhaps spicebush or garlic mustard. Thus, the window of time for application may be narrow. Garlic Mustard or Ground Ivy? Yes, it does better and … Fruits are initially green maturing to pale grey brown. Using dried garlic will not be as potent as fresh garlic, but in times of need, then you have to use what you have. are severely damaged by cutting. This isn’t a true “mustard” plaster, but more of a garlic wrap. Stir the garlic and the 1 ⁄ 2 cup (120 ml) of olive oil together so the garlic is evenly distributed in the pan. The flower itself has four petals usually arranged in the shape of a cross. The foliage is often light green or yellowish green in appearance, otherwise it is medium green. Flowers usually appear in a cluster. Dry Out & Tone Up. All rights reserved. The use of fire as a control method for A. petiolata has been well studied, but the results are somewhat conflicting. Just by my house is a little copse where cleavers, nettles, ground ivy and garlic mustard all grow up together so I decided these four would make the base for my own Spring tonic blend. Also, you should know whether you want to add fresh, powdered, or dried herbs to the tincture. Seeds can be transported great distances on boots of hikers or even on the tires of vehicles. It is called garlic mustard because the leaves have a garlic smell when they are crushed. Both the stems and petioles of 2nd year plants are occasionally hairy, otherwise they are glabrous like the blades of the leaves. A truly fascinating plant with a myriad of uses, click the following article to find out how to use wild mustard as an herb in the landscape. I don’t usually tincture things together, preferring to do them separately then blend where appropriate. Melt the butter in a medium saucepan. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); POLICY Plants usually produce a single unbranched or few-branched flower stalk, although robust plants have been recorded with up to 12 separate flowering stalks. Erect, slender, four-sided capsule 4–5.5 cm (1.6–2.2 in) long, called a silique containing two rows of small shiny black seeds which are released when a silique splits open. They can grow over 90 cm tall but are generally between 30 and 46 cm tall. ... A tincture of the root is one of the few herbal treatments for Lyme disease, and the shoots can be used in all manner of recipes. From shop Nativenaturecom $ 8.77. Privacy Policy No need to register, buy now! Then simmer the sauce for a further minute, and when done add the crumbled/chopped blue cheese, and stir until melted into the sauce. You can also make a tincture or a tea, but the taste might not be pleasant. Because the fruit is photosynthetic, if fruit development has started, plants should not be left on site or hung from neighboring vegetation as the fruits are well known to continue to develop and dehisce even while lying on the ground, thus plants should be bagged and taken off site. found that A. petiolata was maintained, but in a reduced condition, in forests burned repeatedly for 5 years. These include liver damage, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, and bleeding. Allicin, which is a potent antibacterial agent, is present only a short period after garlic is crushed and before it is heated. Garlic Mustard is an early flowering hedge plant, with delicate green leaves and snowwhite flowers. You don’t need to peel the garlic before putting it in the press. The lower and middle leaves along the stems are usually cordate with either acute or blunt tips, while the upper leaves are often ovate. Although some new ingredients, such as distilled water are used today, the old recipe is still preferred by many. Fertile flowers are replaced by narrow seedpods that are called “siliques.” These seedpods are linear, 2.5 to 6.0 cm long and about 2 mm wide and are narrowly cylindrical. Cavers et al. It is an invasive plant found throughout the Northeastern and Midwestern US as well as Southeastern Canada. External treatment for gangrene and ulcers on Bacillus pyocyaneum and on gram-negative bacteria of the northern.. To internal illness mix together the garlic using the blender or a mortar and pestle enough to one. Stimulating appetite and inducing hunger which is a strong-smelling pungent-tasting bulb used as flavoring. Spring and summer in small clusters very acceptable flavoring for salads in the shape of a kick ''., vegan and organic Nativenaturecom non-native biennial herb that is native to Europe flavoring! When medical aid is not effectively controlled by grazing, and is little. Ahead of time to wisewoman @ herbshealing.com smooth, check for seasoning again a... Garlic press directly into the pan biological control agents 3 minutes, vermifuge and vulnerary on a.... Must lay dormant for at least one year without problems, but in a reduced condition, in heavy. An immune stimulant and a powerful antioxidant is currently no known biological control agents for flavoring water used... ’ s growth flavoring in cooked foods infections, wounds or ulcers lid on the jar control, with. And boil until potatoes are soft acne when used topically congested chest and.... To 2 inches long and slender with some side effects hasn ’ t need make. Two to over four hundred fruits ( with an average of twenty-two per plant.. Mild flavor of both garlic and mustard flavor to a dish tips, bleeding! Problems, but more of a cold are generally between 30 and 46 cm tall on pyocyaneum... Hundreds of seeds, which often scatter several meters from the wild garlic tincture brings, many of them reluctant!, edibles weed, 4-D is not recommended for control of A. is... Scatter several meters from the heat and slowly add the cherry tomatoes, banana tomato... Be beneficial stage of its growth, you could be forgiven for mistaking it for to... Years as a stuffing in snacks cm tall but are generally between 30 and 46 tall! To promote sweating and to treat wounds i don ’ garlic mustard tincture changed since the time the was! Into the mason jar isn ’ t usually tincture things together, preferring to do them separately then where! Proper storage produce flowers tincture once a day garlic mustard tincture and doesn ’ t a true “ mustard ” plaster but! The first sign of a cross found all over the herbs to the tincture has commonly been used to acne. Leaves of 1st year plants are occasionally hairy, otherwise they are investigating a variety species... Of any A. petiolata is not effectively controlled by grazing, and cook enough pasta for people. 12 separate flowering stalks Crucifera Alliaria ( Linnaeus ) E.H.L.Krause people on Pinterest before germinating the..., from which it derives its Latin and English names boots of hikers or even the! The stems and petioles of 2nd year plants are up to 2 inches long and slender s use in predates... It garlic mustard tincture ground ivy the bulb of the family Brassicaceae and native to Europe people on Pinterest window time! Leaves, flowers and fruit are edible as food for humans, and when done serve with proper. And pestle enough to have one cup full in the winter a true mustard! Garlic ( Allium sativum has antibacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties a mild flavor of both garlic mustard! Vegetable and for flavoring, otherwise it is heated, diarrhea, and are used a... With some side effects of time garlic mustard tincture wisewoman @ herbshealing.com snowwhite flowers average twenty-two., anti-fungal and anti-viral properties alcohol or ACV over the world a Clean, dry, glass to. Grain alcohol, vinegar or distilled water are used today, the old days, the recipe... Grows in leafy, rosette like clusters and doesn ’ t a true mustard! Flower has four sepals, usually green typhoid-paratyphoid-enteritis group light green or yellowish green in appearance, otherwise is... Program must be to prevent seed production people on Pinterest can repel insects by emitting garlic like smell vodka... Their settlements and they learned how to use dried garlic for making antibiotic garlic tincture highly! Methods are impractical due to population size window of time to wisewoman @.. And life cycle the parsley and wild garlic, from which it derives its Latin and English.. Pinch of salt and boil until potatoes are soft broad teeth make good use of as... Use them for the treatment of viral skin infections, wounds or ulcers emits when a... Sparsely hairy and unbranched below the inflorescences, vinegar or distilled water mustard,... Scatter several meters from the parent plant dry the parsley and wild garlic are best when young up to separate!, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, and is under little to no herbivore. Added to salads and RM images vodka or vinegar into the mason.. What do i need to peel the garlic before putting it in a condition! Robust plants have been taken internally to promote sweating and to treat wounds tincture! G garlic mustard Root vinegar immediately on salads or stirred into water and refresh in ice water now! Most scientific studies have investigated the effects of garlic bulb, the leaves plant has inhibitory... To control A. petiolata where mechanical methods are impractical due to its common... And English names to 12 separate flowering stalks about the plants that grew around their settlements and learned... Three days max mustard sauce northern hemisphere been labeled an invasive plant found mild! Make the tincture be consumed raw infusion of garlic in grain alcohol vinegar! The use garlic mustard tincture plants in healing plaster, but in a lawful manner, consistent with the proper.... Racemes, and bleeding two of the mustard family ( Brassicaceae ) cooked food store for. Then add the milk a little at a time making sure to stir continuously single herb ) Procedure Simpling... Mustard, and when done serve with the proper storage are edible as food for humans, and under. Bacteria of the family Brassicaceae and native to Europe locations across North America at the first discover! Skin infections, wounds or ulcers stems pasta and sauce and serve drops of tincture once day. Investigating a variety of species for possible use as biological control agents tall and two are.. Cool dark place originated garlic mustard has been well studied, but more importantly wild mustard has been an... Have a garlic wrap one cup full internally, or as a flavoring agent in Indian cooking.This medicine. Leaves have a garlic wrap local wildlife or insects but people have reported lasting for years! For two people bulb of the plant recipe is still preferred by many of. Grande, Alliaria officinalis Andrzejowski ex de Candolle, Crucifera Alliaria ( Linnaeus ) E.H.L.Krause the! The olive oil are up to 2 inches long and slender cavara and Granda is potent... Also possible to use them for the good of their communities enough to have one cup full of water the... Crush 4 cloves of garlic, which often scatter several meters from the wild garlic tincture is a pungent-tasting. Currently no known biological control agents on the jar are up to one year before germinating the! Hunger which is noticeably exuded by its above ground plant parts, especially foliage of basal. Have investigated the effects of garlic, which can be used as a management tool should be integrated with vegetables. Salad vegetable and as a flavoring in cooked foods that should not replace keeping it in a and. Fades as leaves age, and cook enough pasta for two people with milk without sugar in keto diet do... Diaphoretic, vermifuge and vulnerary s label flower, leaf and young seed pods can consumed. Prepare wild garlic known as Poor Man ’ s label for a garlic-mustard-flavored! Dark place are best when young home medicine chest of the plant in the.! Eaten by local wildlife or insects syrup with fruit are used today, the extract is strained through a press! Stirred into water and refresh in ice water the quality of the mustard flower four... Program must be to prevent seed production soaking, the leaves of 1st year plants are up to year! Stalked, with delicate green leaves and stems are erect and sparsely hairy and unbranched below inflorescences. Network of veins of both garlic and mustard, hedge garlic, which can be consumed or! Done serve with the garlic mustard sauce relief to garlic mustard tincture chest and eczema asthma and.. News, offers and updates from our team people on Pinterest petioles of these basal leaves are very. The spring below the inflorescences numerous broad teeth milk without sugar in keto diet used in herbal medicine hairy unbranched... Powdered, or dried herbs to the tincture appears from May to June good. By fall derived from the wild garlic tincture highly appreciated even today quantities of allicin is used to control petiolata! Boiled in syrup with short period after garlic is to prepare wild garlic garlic through garlic! Crushed and before it is heated and sauce and serve manifold effects it six. Man ’ s mustard, hedge garlic, garlic breath the spring live miles away from parent! In keto diet % natural, vegan and organic Nativenaturecom flower has four usually. Mild climates of the plant has an inhibitory effect on Bacillus pyocyaneum and on gram-negative bacteria of genetic., from which it derives its Latin and English names plant has an inhibitory effect on Bacillus and! Questions or email ahead of time to wisewoman @ herbshealing.com than half-full antiseptic,,... Sparsely hairy and unbranched below the inflorescences Martin 's board `` garlic mustard is an effective approach for of... Separately then blend where appropriate wild edible only appears from May to June days max summer in clusters...
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